In mathematics, the multiple zeta functions generalisations of the Riemann zeta function, defined by
and converge when Re(s1)+...+Re(si) > i for all i. Like the Riemann zeta function, the multiple zeta functions can be analytically continued to be meromorphic functions (see, for example, Zhao (1999)). When s1, ..., si are all positive integers these sums are often called multiple zeta values (MZVs) or Euler sums.
The standard shorthand for writing multiple zeta functions is to place repeating strings of the argument within braces and use a superscript to indicate the number of repetitions. For example,
and
Multiple zeta functions are known to satisfy what is known as MZV duality, the simplest case of which is the famous identity of Euler:
where Hn are the harmonic numbers.
Special values of double zeta functions:
s1 | s2 | approximate value |
---|---|---|
2 | 2 | 0.811742425283353643637002772406 |
2 | 3 | 0.228810397603353759768746148942 |
2 | 4 | 0.088483382454368714294327839086 |
2 | 5 | 0.038575124342753255505925464373 |
3 | 2 | 0.711566197550572432096973806086 |
3 | 3 | 0.213798868224592547099583574508 |
3 | 4 | 0.085159822534833651406806018872 |
3 | 5 | 0.037707672984847544011304782294 |
4 | 2 | 0.674523914033968140491560608257 |
4 | 3 | 0.207505014615732095907807605495 |
4 | 4 | 0.083673113016495361614890436542 |
The Mordell-Tornheim zeta function, introduced by Matsumoto (2003) who was motivated by the papers Mordell (1958) and Tornheim (1950), is defined by
It is a special case of the Shintani zeta function.